Creating a comprehensive roadmap for decarbonizing an airport campus

Analyzing the challenge

Serving thousands of passengers daily over long hours of operation, airport terminals are very energy intensive. Together with other essential non-terminal buildings, including hangars, air traffic control towers, and the central utility plant, airport campuses use a lot of energy. To identify the scope of the ZNE Plan, SFO convened leadership, stakeholders, and the Arup consulting team to create a consensus vision. We then analyzed the energy consumption, design standards, and construction processes for current operations, as well as planned expansions of the airport, to determine where to target emissions reduction solutions.

Arup’s analysis found that 95% of SFO’s energy use occurs in campus buildings, making them the key focus for decarbonization. Domestic and international terminals are responsible for almost half of all energy consumption. The central utility plant — which provides terminals with hot water, heating, and cooling — makes up over 20% of total energy use.

After gathering data on energy use, Arup conducted benchmarking to compare the building data at SFO with industry averages. As passenger terminals are unique, energy-use data was not widely available, and benchmarking for SFO proved challenging. Passenger terminals are unlike typical buildings due to the fact that they are occupied every day of the year and they require intensive energy uses like heating and cooling, baggage handling systems, moving walkways, and providing power and ventilation to the aircraft parked at its gates.

To tackle this benchmarking challenge, Arup compared two distinct data sets: energy use intensity and building age. The intersection of these metrics helped Arup identify patterns and opportunities for energy savings. For example, buildings using a large amount of energy are better candidates for a capital equipment upgrade if they are older, while newer buildings with unexpectedly high energy use could likely benefit from a less costly retro-commissioning process.

Identifying key strategies

Combining the results of the benchmarking study with research that SFO was conducting with a variety of consultants, Arup suggested a roadmap for energy reduction across SFO’s campus that aligns with their climate action goals. Due to the diversity of the energy systems at SFO, Arup recommended a multi-pronged approach for reaching the airport’s ZNE goals.

The first half of the plan focuses on running an efficient airport campus, as decarbonizing buildings was identified as the key to achieving ZNE at SFO. Arup took as a baseline SFO’s current airport development plan, which outlines new construction and the demolition of some older buildings, which would consolidate the campus into fewer structures that require less power. An upgrade to the central utility plant was also suggested in which it would be transformed into a heat recovery chiller plant with efficient all-electric equipment. In addition, for all new construction at the airport, Arup encouraged the incorporation of high-performance energy efficiency strategies and set aggressive targets for energy use intensity that were incorporated into a later update of their Sustainable Planning, Design and Construction Standards.

The second part of the plan addresses the airport’s remaining energy use once cost-effective efficiency measures are implemented. Generating and storing renewable energy onsite through solar power and battery storage was suggested where feasible. For all other energy requirements, SFO will purchase off-site renewable energy from sources such as utility-scale wind and solar farms.

Implementing energy savings

As terminals are the biggest energy users, they offer the greatest opportunities for energy savings to accomplish ZNE goals. Arup has already helped SFO in rebuilding Terminal 1, which is renamed the Harvey Milk Terminal 1 after the noted local gay rights activist and politician.

The new Terminal 1 features displacement ventilation: instead of cooling the entire volume of the terminal space, cool air is released close to the floor, which pushes warm air toward the ceiling. This approach creates a cool layer around passengers at the bottom seven feet of the terminal, allowing for significant energy and cost savings by not conditioning the upper air. When first implemented in remodeled portions of SFO’s Terminal 2 a decade ago, this approach reduced power usage by 20%, and became SFO’s new standard for HVAC design. In addition to displacement ventilation, the design for Terminal 1 also included radiant ceilings, a first-of-its-kind system for heating and cooling the passenger hold rooms. The method uses water circulated through pipes rather than air moved by fans, which uses much less energy. The combination of displacement ventilation and radiant ceilings creates a comfortable environment for travelers while also saving cost, energy, and space. Other improvements to Terminal 1 include energy-saving LED lighting as well as a modular baggage handling system that uses about half the energy of a conventional conveyor-belt system.

To bring about energy savings in the rest of the campus terminal complex, an extensive upgrade to SFO’s central utility plant was proposed. Because the plant currently relies on natural gas, it is responsible for 83% of operational carbon emissions and 21% of the total campus energy use. By making the switch to an all-electric heat recovery chiller plant, SFO will significantly cut energy costs, particularly at peak hours, as it will be able to store hot and chilled water for future use and eliminate its largest source of carbon emissions.

Throughout the research, planning, and design stages, Arup is guiding SFO in their timely and cost-effective journey to net zero, setting the pace for the aviation industry and positioning SFO as an airport sustainability leader.

Continuing our sustainability work with SFO

After reviewing architecture and engineering standards for SFO’s ZNE goals, Arup separately updated the airport’s overall Sustainable Planning, Design, and Construction Standards. These standards go beyond the energy and climate scope of the ZNE Plan to provide the same level of sustainable design and engineering for all aspects of SFO’s campus, including biodiversity, water, materials and resources, and human health.

To create the new standards, Arup reviewed common green building and infrastructure rating systems, like LEED, WELL, Living Building Challenge, and Envision to create “good,” “better,” and “best” options for SFO’s guidelines. We then engaged a broad range of SFO stakeholder groups as well as a multidisciplinary team of Arup engineers and local business partners to set appropriate standards for each topic area that are specific to SFO’s buildings and operations. The updated guidelines align with industry standards to help ensure the guidelines will stay up to date rather than requiring frequent changes as related standards rise over time. Through these updates, Arup pushed the highest standards of sustainability, helping solidify SFO as a sustainability leader in the aviation sector.