As the world advances toward a net-zero future, Power-to-X (P2X) technologies are emerging as key to a sustainable global energy system. By converting renewable electricity into transportable fuels like green hydrogen, ammonia, and methanol, P2X enables clean energy to move beyond the grid - stored, shipped, and used wherever it's needed. This shift isn’t just a technical one – it also has geographic and economic implications, as new trade routes emerge and clean energy hubs reshape global supply chains.
This report explores the requirements for developing the next generation of P2X export infrastructure – centralized hubs that combine production, storage, and distribution at scale. Leveraging Arup’s global project expertise, it outlines the necessary investments, timelines, and design considerations for successful implementation. It also examines how different contexts – from remote greenfield sites with abundant renewable energy resources to complex brownfield industrial environments – present unique challenges and opportunities.
Two case studies anchor the report: a greenfield ~$3 billion ammonia hub powered by gigawatt-scale renewables on a coastal site; and a ~$1 billion green methanol hub repurposing industrial port land to supply fuels for shipping and aviation. Each scenario shows how local conditions – from marine biodiversity to grid integration, carbon feedstock access, and land remediation – critically influence design, delivery, and commercial viability.
Whether you're a developer, policymaker, or investor, this reports provides a guide to building tomorrow’s clean energy hubs – and the choices that will define their success.
